It was supposed that the liver-fluke had a somewhat similar life-history, but all attempts to discover what mollusc served as intermediate host had been fruitless. ![]() Such is a typical instance of the development of a trematode with alternation of generations, but there is a good deal of variety in the life-histories of the different species. These nurse-forms, as they are called, produce internally larvge, usually tailed, known as cercariae, which leave the nurse and encyst themselves in some other mollusc or in aquatic insect larvæ, &c., and remain there quiescent, only reaching maturity if swallowed together with the animal harbouring them by some suitable vertebrate host. These migration tracts can frequently be observed under the surface of the liver capsule in ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats and game species and are also. It was known indeed that the animals most nearly allied to the liver-fluke, the digenetic Trema-todes, presented an alternation of generations, and that they possessed larval forms infesting various species of molluscs. Leuckart, so well known for his researches on parasites, the manner in which the disease was incurred remained a complete mystery. The fluke ingests blood, which produces severe anaemia and chronic inflammation and enlargement of the bile ducts. It occurs when the parasites reach the bile ducts in the liver. But notwithstanding that the question had been repeatedly investigated by numerous zoologists, including Prof. liver fluke infection in sheep, goats and cattle and particularly in more resistant hosts, such as horses and pigs. It had long been known that the disease was due to the presence in large numbers of a parasite called the liver-fluke ( Fasciola hepatica) in the liver of the affected animals, and that the parasite invaded sheep or sometimes other animals allowed to feed on wet pastures, and especially on flooded ground. The losses during that winter were estimated at three million sheep, or about one-tenth of the total number in the United Kingdom, and during the following winter the losses were equally severe. THE winter of 1879–80 was marked by a widely-spread outbreak of the liver-rot amongst our sheep.
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